education in America Essay -- essays research papers

The United States has been teaching its students for countless years now. Today's education process in the United States is that of the banking process. Paulo Freire gives light to a new and advanced process by which America should learn by, one that will prove to be an investment for the nations society, and soon will. For years now we have been learning in Americas institutions for the first eighteen to twenty-five years of our lives. Always being taught by our teachers and professors, hoping that what they say will give us light to a hopeful future. Students generally sit in a classroom and absorb or bank, to put it in words of Paulo Freire, the information given or taught by the teachers. According to Paulo Freire we take information given to us by teachers and categorize the information away for later use. Freire contends that when knowledge is passed vertically from teacher to student in the banking concept the knowledge is stored in the brains and cataloged away. An inefficient way to learn that holds us back from reaching our full potential. We, the students, never question the validity of the information. We simply understand that the teacher is right and we take for granted what the teacher gives us. Who says that all information is actually valid, how do we know until we, the students, actually do it. If a student reads in a text that a certain plant when eaten tastes sweet and another tastes bitter the students are then supposed to take for granted that what th... education in America Essay -- essays research papers The United States has been teaching its students for countless years now. Today's education process in the United States is that of the banking process. Paulo Freire gives light to a new and advanced process by which America should learn by, one that will prove to be an investment for the nations society, and soon will. For years now we have been learning in Americas institutions for the first eighteen to twenty-five years of our lives. Always being taught by our teachers and professors, hoping that what they say will give us light to a hopeful future. Students generally sit in a classroom and absorb or bank, to put it in words of Paulo Freire, the information given or taught by the teachers. According to Paulo Freire we take information given to us by teachers and categorize the information away for later use. Freire contends that when knowledge is passed vertically from teacher to student in the banking concept the knowledge is stored in the brains and cataloged away. An inefficient way to learn that holds us back from reaching our full potential. We, the students, never question the validity of the information. We simply understand that the teacher is right and we take for granted what the teacher gives us. Who says that all information is actually valid, how do we know until we, the students, actually do it. If a student reads in a text that a certain plant when eaten tastes sweet and another tastes bitter the students are then supposed to take for granted that what th...

Time Series

IntroductionA time series is a set of observations, xi each one being recorded at a specific time t. After being recorded, these data are rigorously studied to develop a model. This model will then be used to construct future values, in other words, to make a forecast. When looking at a time series, some questions must be asked:Does the time series have a trend or seasonality?Are their outliers? Is there constant variance over time?Essential of Good time seriesThe data must be long enough.There must be equal time gap.There must be a normal period.Example1The following plot is a time series plot of the annual number of earthquakes in the world with seismic magnitude over 7.0, for 99 consecutive years. By a time series plot, we simply mean that the variable is plotted against time.Some features of the plot:There is no trend.The mean of the series is 20.2.There is no seasonality as the data are annual data.There are no outliers.Example 2 This shows a time series of quarterly production of beer in Australia for 18 years.Some features are:There is an increasing trend. There is seasonality.There are no outliers.The Components of Time SeriesThe components of time series are factors that can bring changes to the time series:Trend component, TtWhen there is an increase or a decrease over a long period of time in the data, then we say that there is a trend. Sometimes, a trend is said to be changing direction when it goes from an increasing trend to a decreasing one. It is the result of events such as price inflation, population growth or economic changes. Seasonal component, StA seasonal pattern exists when the time series exhibits regular variations at specific time. It arises from influences such as natural conditions or social and cultural behaviors. For example, the sales of ice-cream are relatively high in summer. So, the salesman expects greater profit in summer than in winter. Cyclic component, CtIf the time series shows an up and down movement around a given period of time, it is said to have a cyclical pattern.Irregular component, ItIrregular components consist of changes that are unlikely to be repeated in a time series. Examples are floods, fires, earthquakes or cyclones.Combining the time series componentsTime series is a combination of the components which were discussed above. These components can be either combined additively or multiplicatively.Additive modelIt is linear, and the changes are made by the same amount over time.Yt = Tt + Ct + St + ItMultiplicative modelIt is non-linear such as quadratic or exponential, and the changes increase or decrease over time.Yt = Tt Ãâ€"Ct Ãâ€" St Ãâ€" ItUsesTime series can be useful in the following fields: StatisticsSignal processingEconometricsMathematical financeAstronomyEarthquake predictionsWeather forecastingImportance of Time series for businessesThere are many benefits of time series for business purposes:Helpful for study of past behaviorBusinessmen use time series to study the past behaviors and to see the trend of the sales or profit of their businesses. Helpful in forecastingTime series is a great tool for forecasting. Businesses can make a time series of the past strategies of their competitors and make an estimate of their future strategies. In this way, they make can built a better strategy and make more profits.Helpful in comparisonTime series can be used to calculate the trend of two or more branches of the same company and compare their performance. On their performances, rewards can be given. However, time series can have some limitations for a business. Sales forecasting relies on the past results to predict future expectations. But, if a company is new, there is a limited amount of data to make predictions. Even so, past results do not always indicate what the future sales will be.To fully understand this topic, we will work out this example. Example 2We will consider the actual arrival of passengers from an airport over the year 1949 to 1960. From these data, we will make a forecast.The first step is to plot the data and obtain descriptive measures such as trends or seasonal fluctuations.The second step is to check for the stationarity of the time series.StationarityA time series is said to be stationary if its mean and variance does not change over time. Obviously, not all the time series that we encounter are stationary. It is important because, most of the models we work on, assumes that the time series is stationary. If the time series has the same behavior over time, there will be a high probability that it will follow the same trend in the future.How to check for stationarity?For the graph that was plotted, we can see that it has an increasing trend with some seasonal pattern. But, it is not always evident to see whether a plot is increasing or has a seasonal trend. We can check for stationarity using the following:Plotting rolling statisticsWe plot the moving average or variance and see whether it changes with time. But, as it is a visual technique, we will take more consideration for the next test. Dickey-Fuller testIt is one of the statistical methods to check for stationarity. The null hypothesis is that the time series is non-stationary, and the alternative hypothesis is the converse.As shown below, the test consists of the test statistics and critical values at different significant levels. If the test statistics is less than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. Results of Dickey-Fuller Test: Test Statistic 0.815369p-value 0.991880#Lags Used 13.000000Number of Observations Used 130.000000Critical Value (1%) -3.481682Critical Value (5%) -2.884042Critical Value (10%) -2.578770According to the Dickey-Fuller test, the test statistics is less than the critical value. Therefore, the time series is not stationary. However, there are various methods to make a time series stationary.How to make a time series stationary?The assumption of stationarity is very important when modelling a time series, but most of the practical time series are not stationary. Eventually, we cannot make a time series one hundred percent stationary, most of the time, it will be with a confidence of 99%.Before going into detail, we will discuss on the reasons why the time series is not stationary. There are two major reasons to that, trend and seasonality.Having discuss the reasons, we will now talk about the techniques to make the time series stationary:TransformationLog transformation is probably the most commonly used form of transformation. DifferencingDifferencing is a widely used method to make the time series stationary. It is performed by subtracting the previous observation from the current one. When making the forecast, the process of differencing must be inverted to convert the data back to its original scale. This can be done by adding the difference value to the previous value. Using the Dickey-Fuller test we can see that the test statistic is -2.717131 and that the critical values at 1%, 5% and 10% are -3.482501, -2.884398 and -2.578960 respectivelyThe time series is stationary with 90% confidence. The second or third order differencing can be done to get better results.DecompositionIn decomposition, the time series is divided into several components mainly trend, cyclical, seasonal and irregular components. The time series can sometimes be broken down into an additive or multiplicative model.We will assume a multiplicative model for our example.Since the trend and seasonality were separated from the residuals, we can check the stationarity of the residuals.Results of Dickey-Fuller Test is test statistic is -6.332387e+00 and the critical values at 1%, 5% and 10% are -3.485122e+00, -2.885538e+00 and -2.579569e+00 respectively. We can conclude that the time series is stationary at 99% confidence.Now, we can go forward with the forecasting.Forecasting the time seriesWe will fit this time series using the ARIMA model, ARIMA is an acronym that stands for Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average. It is a linear equation similar to a linear regression. The first goal is to find the values of the predictors (p, d, q), but before finding these values, two situations in stationarity must be discussed.A strictly stationary series without any dependence among the values. In this case, we can model the residual as white noise.The second case is a series with significant dependency among the values. The predictors mainly depend on the parameters (p, d, q) of the ARIMA model:Number of AR(Auto-Regressive) terms (p)It is the number of lag observation that were included in the model. This term helps to incorporate the effect of the past values into the model.Number of MA (Moving Average) terms (q)It is the size of the moving average window, that is, this term sets the error of the model as a linear combination of the error values observed at previous time points in the past. Number of differences(d)The number of times that the raw observations are differenced.In order to obtain the values of p and q, we will use the following two plots:Autocorrelation Function, ACFThis function will measure the correlation of the time series with its lagged version. Partial Autocorrelation Function, PACFThis function measures the correlation between the time series with a lagged version of itself, controlling the values of the time series at all shorter lagsIn the ACF and PACF plots, the dotted lines are the confidence interval, these values are p and q. The value of p is obtained from the PACF plot and the value of q is obtained from the ACF plot. We can see that both p and q are 2. Now, that we have obtained p and q, we will make three different ARIMA model: AR, MA and the combined model. The RSS of each of the model will be given.AR modelMA modelCombined modelFrom the plots, it is clearly shown that the RSS of AR and MA are the same and that of the combined is much better. As the combined model give a better result, the following steps will take the values back to its original scale. The predicted results are stored.The differencing is converted the log scale. This can be done by adding the differences consecutively to the base numbers.The exponent is taken and is compared to the original scale.Therefore, we have the final result.ReferencesAarshay Jain(2016) A comprehensive beginner's guide to create a Time Series Forecast (with Codes in Python) [WWW] Available from https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/02/time-series-forecasting-codes-python/ [Accessed 14/04/18]Maxime Phillot (2017)How do I interpret the results in an augmented Dickey-Fuller test? [WWW] Available from https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-interpret-the-results-in-an-augmented-Dickey-Fuller-test [Accessed 23/04/18]Jason Brownlee (2016)What Is Time Series Forecasting? [WWW] Available from https://machinelearningmastery.com/time-series-forecasting/ [Accessed 23/04/18]Chris St.Jeor and Sean Ankenbruck (2018)Time Series for dummies- The 3 step process [WWW] Available from https://www.kdnuggets.com/2018/ 03/time-series-dummies-3-step-process.html [Accessed 22/04/18]Pennsylvania state university (n. d) Overview of Time Series Characteristics [WWW] Available from https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/47 [Accessed 22/04/18] Time Series A time series is a set of observations, xi each one being recorded at a specific time t. After being recorded, these data are rigorously studied to develop a model. This model will then be used to produce future values, in other words, to make a forecast.Important Characteristics to Consider FirstWhen first looking at a time series, some questions must be asked:Does the time series has a trend or seasonality over time?Are their outliers? With time series data, the outliers are far away from the other data.Is there a long-run cycle or period?Is there constant variance over time? Essential of Good time series Data must be for a sufficient period Equal time ga Constant or normal period. Example1The following plot is a time series plot of the annual number of earthquakes in the world with seismic magnitude over 7.0, for 99 consecutive years. By a time series plot, we simply mean that the variable is plotted against time.Some features of the plot:There is no trend.The mean of the series is 20.2There is no seasonality as the data are annual data.There are no outliers. Example 2 The plot at the top of the next page shows a time series of quarterly production of beer in Australia for 18 years.Some important features are:There is an increasing trend.There is seasonality.There are no obvious outliers.The Components of Time SeriesThe components of time series are factors that can bring changes to the time series:Trend component, TtWhen there is an increase or a decrease over a long period of time in the data, then we say that there is a trend. Sometimes, a trend is said to be changing direction when it goes from an increasing trend to a decreasing one. It is the result of events such as price inflation, population growth or economic changes.Seasonal component, StA seasonal pattern exists when the time series exhibits regular fluctuations at specific time. It arises from influences such as natural conditions or social and cultural behaviors. For example, the sales of ice-cream are relatively high in summer. So, the salesman expects greater profit in summer than in winter. Cyclic component, CtIf the time series shows an up and down movement around a given period of time, it is said to have a cyclical pattern.Irregular component, ItIrregular components consist of changes that are unlikely to be repeated in a time series. Examples are floods, fires, earthquakes or cyclones.Combining the time series componentsTime series is a combination of the components which were discussed above. These components can be either combined additively or multiplicatively.Additive modelIt is linear, and the changes are made by the same amount over time.Yt = Tt + Ct + St + ItMultiplicative modelIt is non-linear such as quadratic or exponential, and the changes increase or decrease over time. Yt = Tt Ãâ€"Ct Ãâ€" St Ãâ€" ItUsesTime series can be useful in the following fields:StatisticsSignal processingEconometricsMathematical financeAstronomyEarthquake predictionsWeather forecastingImportance of Time series for businessesThere are many benefits of time series for business purposes:Helpful for study of past behaviorBusinessmen use time series to study the past behaviors and to see the trend of the sales or profit of their businesses. Helpful in forecastingTime series is a great tool for forecasting. Businesses can make a time series of the past strategies of their competitors and make an estimate of their future strategies. In this way, they make can built a better strategy and make more profits.Helpful in comparisonTime series can be used to calculate the trend of two or more branches of the same company and compare their performance. On their performances, rewards can be given. However, time series can have some limitations for a business. Sales forecasting relies on the past results to predict future expectations. But, if a company is new, there is a limited amount of data to make predictions. Even so, past results do not always indicate what the future sales will be.To fully understand this topic, we will work out this example.Example 2We will consider the actual arrival of passengers from an airport over the year 1949 to 1960. From these data, we will make a forecast. The first step is to plot the data and obtain descriptive measures such as trends or seasonal fluctuations.The second step is to check for the stationarity of the time series.StationarityA time series is said to be stationary if its mean and variance does not change over time. Obviously, not all the time series that we encounter are stationary. It is important because, most of the models we work on, assumes that the time series is stationary. If the time series has the same behavior over time, there will be a high probability that it will follow the same trend in the future.How to check for stationarity?For the graph that was plotted, we can see that it has an increasing trend with some seasonal pattern. But, it is not always evident to see whether a plot is increasing or has a seasonal trend. We can check for stationarity using the following:Plotting rolling statisticsWe plot the moving average or variance and see whether it changes with time. But, as it is a visual technique, we will take more consideration for the next test.Dickey-Fuller testIt is one of the statistical methods to check for stationarity. The null hypothesis is that the time series is non-stationary, and the alternative hypothesis is the converse.As shown below, the test consists of the test statistics and critical values at different significant levels. If the test statistics is less than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis. Results of Dickey-Fuller Test: Test Statistic 0.815369p-value 0.991880#Lags Used 13.000000Number of Observations Used 130.000000Critical Value (1%) -3.481682Critical Value (5%) -2.884042Critical Value (10%) -2.578770According to the Dickey-Fuller test, the test statistics is less than the critical value. Therefore, the time series is not stationary. However, there are various methods to make a time series stationary.How to make a time series stationary?The assumption of stationarity is very important when modelling a time series, but most of the practical time series are not stationary. Eventually, we cannot make a time series one hundred percent stationary, most of the time, it will be with a confidence of 99%.Before going into detail, we will discuss on the reasons why the time series is not stationary. There are two major reasons to that, trend and seasonality.Having discuss the reasons, we will now talk about the techniques to make the time series stationary:TransformationLog transformation is probably the most commonly used form of transformation.DifferencingDifferencing is a widely used method to make the time series stationary. It is performed by subtracting the previous observation from the current one. When making the forecast, the process of differencing must be inverted to convert the data back to its original scale. This can be done by adding the difference value to the previous value.Using the Dickey-Fuller test we can see that the test statistic is -2.717131 and that the critical values at 1%, 5% and 10% are -3.482501, -2.884398 and -2.578960 respectivelyThe time series is stationary with 90% confidence. The second or third order differencing can be done to get better results.DecompositionIn decomposition, the time series is divided into several components mainly trend, cyclical, seasonal and irregular components.The time series can sometimes be broken down into an additive or multiplicative model.We will assume a multiplicative model for our example.Since the trend and seasonality were separated from the residuals, we can check the stationarity of the residuals.Results of Dickey-Fuller Test is test statistic is -6.332387e+00 and the critical values at 1%, 5% and 10% are -3.48 5122e+00, -2.885538e+00 and -2.579569e+00 respectively. We can conclude that the time series is stationary at 99% confidence.Now, we can go forward with the forecasting.Forecasting the time seriesWe will fit this time series using the ARIMA model, ARIMA is an acronym that stands for Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average. It is a linear equation similar to a linear regression. The first goal is to find the values of the predictors (p, d, q), but before finding these values, two situations in stationarity must be discussed. A strictly stationary series without any dependence among the values. In this case, we can model the residual as white noise.The second case is a series with significant dependency among the values.The predictors mainly depend on the parameters (p, d, q) of the ARIMA model:Number of AR(Auto-Regressive) terms (p)It is the number of lag observation that were included in the model. This term helps to incorporate the effect of the past values into the model. Number of MA (Moving Average) terms (q)It is the size of the moving average window, that is, this term sets the error of the model as a linear combination of the error values observed at previous time points in the past.Number of differences(d)The number of times that the raw observations are differenced.In order to obtain the values of p and q, we will use the following two plots:Autocorrelation Function, ACFThis function will measure the correlation of the time series with its lagged version. Partial Autocorrelation Function, PACFThis function measures the correlation between the time series with a lagged version of itself, controlling the values of the time series at all shorter lagsIn the ACF and PACF plots, the dotted lines are the confidence interval, these values are p and q. The value of p is obtained from the PACF plot and the value of q is obtained from the ACF plot. We can see that both p and q are 2.Now, that we have obtained p and q, we will make three different ARIMA model: AR, MA and the combined model. The RSS of each of the model will be given.AR modelMA modelCombined modelFrom the plots, it is clearly shown that the RSS of AR and MA are the same and that of the combined is much better. As the combined model give a better result, the following steps will take the values back to its original scale.The predicted results are stored.The differencing is converted the log scale. This can be done by adding the differences consecutively to the base numbers.The exponent is taken and is compared to the original scale.Therefore, we have the final result.ReferencesAarshay Jain(2016) A comprehensive beginner's guide to create a Time Series Forecast (with Codes in Python) [WWW] Available from https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/02/time-series-forecasting-codes-python/ [Accessed 14/04/18]Maxime Phillot (2017) How do I interpret the results in an augmented Dickey-Fuller test? [WWW] Available from https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-interpret-the-results-in-an-augmented-Dickey-Fuller-test [Access ed 23/04/18]Jason Brownlee (2016) What Is Time Series Forecasting? [WWW] Available from https://machinelearningmastery.com/time-series-forecasting/ [Accessed 23/04/18]Chris St.Jeor and Sean Ankenbruck (2018) Time Series for dummies- The 3 step process [WWW] Available from https://www.kdnuggets.com/2018/03/time-series-dummies-3-step-process.html [Accessed 22/04/18]Pennsylvania state university (n. d) Overview of Time Series Characteristics [WWW] Available from https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat510/node/47 [Accessed 22/04/18]

Causes And Consequences Of Ocean Pollution - 3744 Words

Imagine walking along the beach in Hawaii and as you walk among a group of rocks that are coming out of the ocean you notice a sea turtle sunbathing. This is not a good place to snorkel or swim, but as it turns out it is a great place for turtles to sunbathe and eat near the rocks. As you watch the sea turtle turn around and scoot into the ocean, you wade in after it, snapping picture after picture as a bale of turtles came towards you. Suddenly you are surrounded by at least ten turtles all rubbing against the rocks, eating and sunbathing. The water is clear, the sand is a vibrant tan, and there isn’t anything but beauty surrounding you. Now imagine if one of the turtles had plastic around its shell or it was covered in oil. Sadly, these horrific incidents happen every day. Ocean pollution, caused by man and natural disasters, is becoming a grave concern as it affects ocean plant and animal life—and in turn affects us. Mankind must act now to stop and hopefully reverse the damage. If we don’t take care of the ocean, and the magnificent creatures that call it home, we will lose a little part of ourselves. The ocean, which covers about 70% of the earth, is one of the most extraordinary and mysterious places left to explore (Conserve Energy). If you have had a chance to swim, snorkel, scuba dive, or boat anywhere in the ocean, you know that there is amazing beauty among the depths. There is still so much that is unknown about this vast expanse of water. There are creaturesShow MoreRelatedThe Cause And Consequences Of Micro Beads1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe ocean covers seventy percent of the planet. It helps to produce more than half of the planet’s oxygen in the atmosphere by using plankton and algal plankton, which are found under the sea. Plankton and algae plankton provides nutrients for all marine species. The ocean also helps to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. There are around four million people depend on fish as th eir primary source of food. But since the past decades, the ocean has been in danger due to marine pollution. InRead MoreA Brief Note On The Consequences Of Pollution1467 Words   |  6 Pages The Consequences of Pollution Among the fourteen billion pounds of garbage produced across the globe annually, only a mere one to two percent of it becomes recycled, leaving the rest to be littered across the world’s oceans. To make matters worse, our freshwater supply is also polluted by oil spills and corroded pipelines. As if that was not enough, everyday our air becomes a mixture of chemicals and other harsh air pollutants that result in more damage to the earth. For our convenience, we managedRead More Marine Pollution: Causes and Solutions Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation grows there is more pollution being dumped into the oceans, causing major problems to marine life and ecosystems. Major causes of marine pollution involve non-point pollutants, marine garbage, toxic ocean pollutants and sewage disposal in oceans. 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Pollution is dangerous and harmful to both living things and the environment. Chemical waste, fertilizer and numerous additional are one of the most important affect which is leading us to damaging possessions of water pollution, Pollution should be condensed in order to make available a cleaner environment and generate healthy living environment and habitat for all life forms on earth. Water pollution also containsRead MoreThe Effects Of Pollution On The Earth s Water913 Words   |  4 Pageswater resources(Chris 1).Water pollution affects the entire biosphere  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and population, but also to the natural biological communities(WIKI 1).The three acts which causes water pollution are when garbage is dumped into oceans,and causing oil spills while transporting crude oils,industrial waste dumped into oceans. The first reason to pollution is oil spills.An oil spill isRead MoreEssay On Marine Pollution1058 Words   |  5 Pagescaused by pollution. It feels as if the seal has just giving up and it’s just accepting to die there. It’s almost seems that we can feel the sadness projecting to us. This image makes me think how many aquatic life’s must die because of our mistake. I chose this image, so people can see the real damage that we cause when we liter on the beach. Based on this image I would like to focus on 1. Who is getting affected by the marine pollution? 2. What are the real causes of the marine pollution? 3. WhyRead MoreOcean Pollution Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pages Everything in this world we use comes from the ocean in some way. The air we breathe, the water we drink, even the products we use day to day, would not be possible without the ocean. Thats why the issue of ocean pollution is so important and needs to be addressed as soon as possible. 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Not only does this pollution affect our oceans and all sea life, but it also affects the consumers of sea-food. Ultimately what we put into our oceans goes into what is collected and eaten out of the ocean. It is a vicious cycle that we have brought upon ourselves. Luckily, there are big advancements in technol ogy that are helping and problem-solving ways that we can reduce the amount of pollution

The Field Of Biblical Literary Criticism - 1168 Words

Research in the field of biblical literary criticism have rapidly increased in recent decades. The publication of Robert Alter s 1981 The Art of Biblical Narrative stamps the symbolic arrival of a style of analysis that has now become entrenched in modern biblical research. Robert Alter argues that the Bible is a largely cohesive literary text to be read with a literary purpose. In this essay it is asked if assumptions about texts predicated on the study of modern literature can be profitably applied to a multiple-authored, multi-layered collection of ancient provenance such as the Hebrew Bible and offers a brief critique of Alter s discussion of the artistic merits and unity of Genesis chapters 37-39. For a thousand years the Western world has looked toward the Bible as a work of sacred history and the foundational account of the development of the Jewish people. While Alter does not completely reject the historicity of the Bible, he sees it as secondary; rather, in Alter s view, the authors of the Bible developed a form of â€Å"prose fiction in order to tell the revolutionary tale of monotheistic revelation contained within its pages.† Chapter by chapter Alter makes clear the various literary methods and techniques employed by the Biblical authors, including narration, repetition, parallelism, analogy and direct dialogue. By learning to uncover the inherently literary nature of the Bible, Alter hopes to reach a greater understanding of Biblical narrative, and, inShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Old Testament868 Words   |  4 Pages there are no sign of style or unity. Form criticism(Sitz im Leben) Form criticism is a biblical critism method which classifies scripture units by literary patterns. Form criticism tries to trace every type to its oral transmission period. Form criticism tries to determine the original form of a unit and the literary tradition’s history context. Form criticism was first developed by Hermann Gunkel to analyze the Old Testament. Form criticism has been used to support the the documentaryRead MoreSummary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism1505 Words   |  7 Pagesand Renaissance Criticism Submitted by R. Zothanmawia V Semester BA R/no: 1101BA005 MEDIEVAL CRITICISM The period between the Classical Age and the Renaissance is vaguely named the Middle Age or the Medieval Age. In England, this period spans eight centuries and historians place it from the year of composition of Beowulf in 725 AD to 1474 AD when Caxton published the first book ever printed. The only standard work that dealt with Medieval Criticism is English Literary Criticism: The MedievalRead MoreEarly Civilization Essay621 Words   |  3 Pagesyour matrix: †¢ Provide names, titles, dates, brief descriptions of important events, and other details as necessary. †¢ Note the details of key political, socioeconomic, technological, artistic, musical, architectural, philosophical, and literary developments for each civilization listed in the table, which were evidenced in the humanities. Be sure to properly cite the sources that you use in completing this matrix. CivilizationPoliticsSociety/ EconomicsTechnologyArtMusicArchitecturePhilosophyLiteraturePrehistoric Read MoreGospel of Luke Analysis660 Words   |  3 Pagesmood or attitude reflected in a literary work; it is important in identifying how the author approaches a subject and conveys it to readers. (Clugston, 2010)) of moral theme. 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Huddleston would argue that a review of recent literature on the Pentateuch reveals both the popularity of literary and rhetorical approaches and the refusal within scholarly circles to ignore deeply rooted questions of composition and historical context. I would add to that argument that the form is which the text or message is delivered and received is basedRead MoreThe Bible Is Not A Children s Book Essay1983 Words   |  8 Pagesactually reflect popular Israelite belief. Instead, Hays argues that it may have been purged by later editors of references where the dead were divinized (167). Within the biblical texts, however, necromancy remains an exception to this apparent weakness (168). Nearly all conversations regarding necromancy among biblical scholars will make use of the story of Saul and the necromancer in 1 Sam 28. So much so, Hays refers to it as â€Å"the touchstone...of Israelite necromancy,† (169). In thisRead MoreEssay on Encountering the Old Testament2615 Words   |  11 PagesEncountering the Old Testament A Christian Survey Bill T. Arnold and Bryan E. Beyer Baker Books Caron M. Allen Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical Studies This paper is prepared for Newburgh Theological Seminary and College of the Bible March 16, 2013 INTRODUCTION I continued my study in pursuit of the doctoral degree in Biblical Studies by reading the text, Encountering the Old Testament. Little did I know when I began reading this text that it would so completely satisfyRead More A Deconstructive Glance at Edgar Allan Poes The City in the Sea2445 Words   |  10 Pageswhich is dark in tone and ambiguous meaning. What does it mean, and where did Poe come up with his concept? There are many possible answers to this question, and interpretations include the phallic and yonic symbols of Freudian theory and the idea of biblical cities as source material exist. Therefore, it seems that critics cannot agree on a definite explication for the poem. Alice Claudel posits that there are mystic symbols in the poem and states that: â€Å"One can piece bits together and form the general

Glove Speech Outline Essay example - 658 Words

Angle: The proper way to break in a baseball glove Purpose: To inform people on the proper way to break in a baseball glove. Thesis: Proper breaking-in not only gives you a great product, it actually can extend the life of the glove. Today I’d like to share with you the proper way to break in a glove. Organizational Pattern: chronological order Introduction 1. Attention getter: All good things take time. 2. Thesis statement: Proper breaking-in not only gives you a great product, it actually can extend the life of the glove. Today I’d like to share with you the proper way to break in a glove. 3. Reason to listen: You may need to break in a baseball glove someday for yourself, a sibling or even child. 4. Preview of†¦show more content†¦III. After your glove has dried, now you should play catch with the glove . A. Remove bootlace from the glove B. Remove the ball from the pocket of glove C. If you are by yourself, simply throw the ball into the glove with as much force as possible. D. If you have a partner, play catch with them. Transition: Your job isn’t done yet though. IV. After you have played catch with the glove, now you must store it properly A. Reapply a light layer of conditioner and rub it over the entire glove B. Pay special attention to inside palm of glove C. Place baseball back into pocket of glove D. Rewrap the bootlace around the glove E. If you are preparing for winter storage, place glove in a plastic bag to keep from dust Conclusion I. The process of breaking in a glove is never really done. II. You must constantly balance the glove being conditioned and the glove wanting to dry out because of use and the elements. III. The steps above can be shortened and don’t have to be done as regularly IV. It’s important to know the steps to breaking in a glove in case for a sibling or child. V. It’s important to know these steps because while the process is a long one, the effects of improper care can be irreversible. 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Zappos Case Free Essays

1. Zappos transformed the shopping experience by providing online market place and making customers comfortable buying shoes in the internet. The core competency which distinguishes Zappos from competitors was a focus on service (it was service company selling shoes). We will write a custom essay sample on Zappos Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following sources of competitive advantages allowed the company to gain and maintain this competency: fast web-site providing extensive online product information; free rapid delivery of products; free 365 day return policy; free 24/7 call center with well-trained operators whose primary goal was customer loyalty; xcellent supply chain operations with communication through web-interface system. Corporate culture has a strong influence on all aspects of the business, including core competencies. In fact, core competencies are developed based on culture. To WOW everyone they come into contact with, including customers, employees and partners, was part of their culture. Zappos was successfully doing everything to sustain it by im proving web-site, call center, distribution warehouse operations, etc, which proves that its core competencies are well sustainable. . If it is really of a value to the customer, it is important to the customer experience, because it is a sign of excellent service and WOW customers. However, if the customer doesn’t need it, the cost of shipping will not cost the perceived benefits of faster delivery. As we have seen, the customer satisfaction decreased, if the customers didn’t receive a purchase ov ernight, even though they didn’t need overnight delivery but it was promised by Zappos. Considering cost-conscious environment, I would recommend Zappos to provide the customer a choice for method of delivery. Zappos could provide ground delivery, as usually, for free. But, if the customer really needs faster expedited delivery, he/she should pay for transportation cost. 3. I wouldn’t recommend Zappos to make any big expansion plans, taking into account difficult economic time and the company’s limited budget. Zappos could add new complementary products to the shoes, but not drastically different kind of products. The geographic expansion was too costly and risky for the company at that time. Zappos had experience of international expansion, but the challenges and costs of replicating the business model abroad was inadmissible. Selling own-brand products is not a good option, because it would go against Zappos’ strategy of providing a broad choice of popular world brands. Instead, the company should focus on retaining and gaining new customers in the current markets, e. g. by providing loyalty cards or coupons. . More cost-conscious shoppers would try to find the best deal searching for the same product and comparing prices at different web-sites. Therefore, the first option for Zappos is to constantly monitor prices of competitors and set its prices equal to them in order to make sure that the customers don’t pay more buying from Zappos. Even though the prices will be the same, Zappos would attract and maintain customers with exceptional service (free delivery, 365 day refund po licy, 24/7 call center, etc. . Also Zappos has to improve supply chain operations in order to cut costs. After that, the second option is to experiment with a price (test marketing) to see what prices consumers are willing to pay for products which are provided with such exceptional service. 5. Amazon wanted to become a partner with Zappos due to several reasons. The benefits from this deal for Amazon were clear: eliminating growing competitor in the shoe market and gaining a leadership position in an apparel category. In the beginning Zappos maintained an entirely separate operation from Amazon: its own fulfillment center, inventory management, payment system and web-site platform. But in the following years, there have been moves toward integration with Amazon: 2011 – integration with Amazon’s warehouse management system; 2012 – handing warehousing over to Amazon. Now we can see Zappos selling at the Amazon web-site in the apparel category. Zappos is making some part of the inventory available at Amazon through Amazon ProductAds, but not through the 3P marketplace (so called Selling on Amazon). How to cite Zappos Case, Essay examples

Business Communication Essentials Management

Question: Describe about a HM efficient PR and communications department and adopt ethical practices in their advertising and other communication? Answer: Summary HM (Hennes Mauritz) is a multinational company based in Sweden. It has become one of the largest retailers for offering fashion clothing for all the categories, women, men, children and teenagers. The communications and department of HM works at a global level, mainly with fashion PR, media relations, investors relations and internal communication. They work through collaborative efforts of head office and local professionals to communicate effectively through each of its market. To maintain their brand identity in the market, HM follows various mean to advertise its products and services. They make use of offline and online media to reach out to its target market. They efficiently communicate with its target audience and in doing this, they leave no stone unturned. . They follow the AIDA concept in all its marketing communications. It can be said that the PR and communication activities provide immense support to HM in reaching out to its consumers, employees and investors in an effective manner. They have always adopted ethical advertising practices. They are flexible in their approach and adapts to the local culture. They provide training to its employees at different level s to enhance their skills in intercultural business communication. Introduction HM (Hennes Mauritz) is a multinational company based in Sweden. It has become one of the largest retailers for offering fashion clothing for all the categories, women, men, children and teenagers. The business was founded by Erling Persson in 1947 and he opened its first exclusive women fashion clothing store in Vasteras Sweden and named it Hennes which means hers. He came with this idea of presenting fashionable clothes at striking prices while he was on his trip to United States in 1946. After opening Hennes, he later acquired Mauritz Widforss in 1968 which was a menswear and children wear retailer and this led to the expansion of Hennes by adding mens and children wear into its product range (About.hm.com, 2015). The name was then changed to Hennes Mauritz. They are known for selling fast fashion clothes at low prices. Currently HM have its presence in more than 57 countries with nearly 3500 stores and employing over 132,000 people in 2015. The HM group has diversified itself in home furnishing; they also expanded their operations online to meet the challenges of globalization. They followed an aggressive strategy which helped them to expand business globally. They follow horizontal division of labor strategy in their facilities for its operations to increase efficiency. Therefore, they outsource its production to about 800 factories in Asia and Europe. The companys design team is located in Sweden and they control the entire production operations, right from planning to setting up the specifications (About.hm.com, 2015). A brief history would demonstrate how they grew as a global brand from being a single store in Sweden. The company got listed in the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1974, they started selling cosmetics and teenagers clothing through impulse stores in 1977 and in 1980s they acquired Rowells a mail order company. In 1990s, with the advent of liberalization of trade they started with online stores and continued to grow in the European markets. They started communicating by means of newspapers and magazines and resorted to outdoor advertising to market their brand and its products. By 2000, they were able to open first HM outlet in New York and Spain and they continued to open new stores in European markets (About.hm.com, 2015). By now, the markets were characterized by intense competition and increased consumer awareness and fast changing fashion trends has posed a challenge to HM to maintain their market share and loyalty among its customer. To attract new customers and retain the old ones, HM started collaborating with designers such as Jimmy Choo, Versace etc in 2004. They went on opening new stores in Tokyo and acquired FaBric Scandinavian AB, which had brands like Weekday, Minki and Cheap Monday. They launched HM Home in 2009. In 2013, the online shopping portal for Weekday and Cheap Monday products were started. The communications and department of HM works at a global level, mainly with fashion PR, media relations, investors relations and internal communication (Bove e and Thill, 2014). They work through collaborative efforts of head office and local professionals to communicate effectively through each of its market. This report will appraise all the PR activities undertaken by HM and other communication strategies that they follow. Analysis of communication activity of HM The HM maintains its external relations by interacting with global consumers in different situations. While communicating the HM professionals represents the brand as they reflect the values of the company putting the guidelines into practice (Evangelisti Allori and Garzone, 2010). They aim to communicate with their stakeholders in an open and objective way. They are always accessible and sensitive towards its stakeholders. To maintain their brand identity in the market, HM follows various mean to advertise its products and services. They make use of offline and online media to reach out to its target market. They efficiently communicate with its target audience and in doing this, they leave no stone unturned. In offline media they advertise in various fashion and womens magazine and trends prescribers, they also advertise through strategic placements of billboards in the cities and adopt different strategies in different countries to reach out to the young workers and young adults (Hennesmauritz.blogspot.in, 2015). They also widen their billboard advertising to bus stations and subways. They hold events on street and use outdoor marketing strategy using models that showcase their latest fashionable clothes. They always try to stand out from the crowd by adopting new methods of attracting the crowd keeping the latest trend in mind. With the advent of innovative technology every day, the world is becoming smaller as today the entire world is connected with internet. HM has always been flexible in making choice of media to reach out to the consumer. They understand that internet can give them easy access to its huge consumer base. They make use of a variety of online media such as social networking site like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter and also on the HM website. They put their latest collection on the first page of their website (Hunter, 2013). They also post videos of their outdoor advertising on YouTube which showcases all their latest collection. HM have partnered with many influent bloggers who have agreed to give positive opinion about HM products in their blogs. The PR department of HM is very active and they work very strategically. They place their ads at strategic positions and launch it at appropriate time (UKEssays, 2015). They follow the AIDA concept in all its marketing communications. The AIDA concept has four stages, they are as follows: Attention: they gain the consumers attention through strategic placement of ads on billboards and on social networking sites. They have also developed an app where all the new information and offers are communicated to the target audience. Interest: This creates interest among consumers and instigates them to make a purchase. When they gain the desired attention from the consumers, it becomes easier for them to make additional sales. At this stage, personal selling comes in the picture. Selling forms a crucial part of the interest stage. Desire: to instill a desire among consumers to buy a HM products, they undertake a wide range of promotional tools, public relation activities, personal selling and sales promotional activities by using both offline and online media sources. Action: The action results in purchase of the product. Various promotional tools and offers which lower the price of the product lead to an action from the consumer leading to the purchase of the product (Laskin, 2014). Personal selling allows the consumers to make a purchase decision easily as they provide the required information and persuade them to buy the product. Evaluation of the communication activities of HM The communications and PR department works in collaboration with the head office and local media professionals. All the teams in the PR department ensures that the all their external and internal communications are clear, appropriate and reliable. They provide support to the company by planning and coordinating the communication efforts. They focus on the internal corporate information, inspiration and communication. They also provide their excellent service to 24x7 to handle all the media relations. They also develop strategies and other PR activities to highlight the stunning design and fashion of HM products (Moshiri and Cardon, 2014). They also maintain relations with the investors through effective and timely communication regarding the financial information. They also clearly state the financial details in the reports and distribute to its investors. It can be said that the PR and communication activities provide immense support to HM in reaching out to its consumers, employees and investors in an effective manner. They have always adopted ethical advertising practices. They even engaged with Greenpeace in their Detox campaign as they behave responsibly towards the environment and community. They focus on the skill development of the employees and keeping its consumers and investors delighted through effective communication policies. They understand that culture plays an important role in doing business globally (prezi.com, 2015). To effectively communicate with its target audience across different culture, they recruit local employees so that they can persuade the consumer easily. They are flexible in their approach and adapts to the local culture. They provide training to its employees at different levels to enhance their skills in intercultural business communication. They also send its top level executives to the highly produ ctive foreign subsidiaries. They recruit young people and train them as they are flexible and affordable as they can be employed at low salaries since they are freshers and also they are close to the latest fashion trends (Prstrategyandapplication.wordpress.com, 2015). HM provide a conducive environment to work where employees can openly express their views and make valid suggestions. This makes their internal communication effective. Conclusion It can be concluded that HM has highly efficient PR and communications department and they adopt ethical practices in their advertising and other communication. They make use of the various offline and online strategic media choices which enable to reach out to the consumer (Referenceforbusiness.com, 2015). They eliminate any barrier in their communication with its investors, suppliers and consumers. They do this by hiring local employees so that any cultural barrier does not obstruct the effective flow of communication. They take care of its employees and maintain an organic organization structure which allows them to maintain a strong brand image in the market. HM follows the principle of Think globally but act locally. The PR department is highly skilled and they make use of various frameworks of communication and evaluate the effectiveness of its communication policies regularly. HM understands that in the face of global competition, if they want to survive they need to be alive in the minds of the consumer and maintain its reputation and its brand image (Stephens and Barrett, 2014). A mentioned earlier, they are flexible in their approach this has allowed them to put a strong corporate communication policy in place. References About.hm.com, 2. (2015).HM Group. [online] About.hm.com. Available at: https://about.hm.com/en/About/facts-about-hm/about-hm/hm-group.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. About.hm.com, 2. (2015).History. [online] About.hm.com. Available at: https://about.hm.com/en/About/facts-about-hm/people-and-history/history.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. About.hm.com, 2. (2015).Newsroom. [online] About.hm.com. Available at: https://about.hm.com/en/news/newsroom.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Bove e, C. and Thill, J. (2014).Business communication essentials. Boston: Pearson. Evangelisti Allori, P. and Garzone, G. (2010).Discourse, identities and genres in corporate communication. Bern: Peter Lang. Hennesmauritz.blogspot.in, 2. (2015).Hennes Mauritz AB | HM: CHAP. 16 Integraded Marketing Communications. [online] Hennesmauritz.blogspot.in. Available at: https://hennesmauritz.blogspot.in/2012/04/chap-16-integraded-marketing.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Hunter, A. (n.d.).Business communication. Laskin, A. (2014). Nonfinancial Information in Investor Communications.International Journal of Business Communication. Moshiri, F. and Cardon, P. (2014). The State of Business Communication Classes: A National Survey.Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 77(3), pp.312-329. prezi.com, 2. (2015).Communication Plan HM. [online] prezi.com. Available at: https://prezi.com/g_dvai_s9azy/communication-plan-hm/ [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Prstrategyandapplication.wordpress.com, 2. (2015).HM | PR Strategy and Application's Blog. [online] Prstrategyandapplication.wordpress.com. Available at: https://prstrategyandapplication.wordpress.com/tag/hm/ [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Referenceforbusiness.com, 2. (2015).Public Relations - benefits. [online] Referenceforbusiness.com. Available at: https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Pro-Res/Public-Relations.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015]. Stephens, K. and Barrett, A. (2014). Communicating Briefly: Technically.International Journal of Business Communication. UKEssays, 2. (2015).HM and its communication strategy. [online] UKEssays. Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/h-m-and-its-communication-strategy-business-essay.php [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015].